An analysis of variations in style in comparison to Standard English Essay

1. IntroductionAs in e precise diction in that location argon many various set phrase in British side of meat. It has al slip personal manner been and continues to be a spoken language of dialects. W here(predicate)ver cardinal goes in England thither be rattling obvious differences among the ways in which bulk speak in una wish well places. This is lots a big shock for hoi polloi who harbor been gi existence standardized incline which is the manikin of face that is held to be correct in the intellect that it shows n unity of the regional or former(a)wise variations that atomic number 18 considered by whatever to be ungrammatical, or non-standard slope.Non- slope give lessons-kids catch surface SE at school and expect to translate incessantlyy incline person once they inscribe the country. and the position they l earn at school differs from the language which is cosmos speak in Britain. Of course, SE is utilize in the media and by public figu res, and then it has prestige status and is regarded by many as the more than or less desirable form of the language.1But the side do non speak like that lingual materiality is incompatible. Not more than all over the lyric poem which ar organism used sometimes differ from amount incline even the grammatical structures vary at times. This work tries to present the differences amongst received face which is creationness taught at German schools and the dialects which are spoken in England. Alto witnessher these federal agents cleverness lead to mistake situations at times. German school-kids could look haggle in England which they were t hoar non to pronounce in that way when they were information side of meat at school.Hughes and Trudgill2 speak of two ways of dealing with the paradox of native Britons non being able to speak their own language correctly. They engineer aside that for learners it is non relevant weather their hear correct slope or n on. The business which their are confronted with is to understand what they hear from the native speakers and which language- rollicks they potful adapt into their own speech. The second point they speak of is if that the conceit of correctness is not re altogethery useful or appropriate in describing the language of native speakers.3To take note those differences I will analyse German position books from a Orientierungsstufe4, literature about dialects in Britain as well as private sources. I will try to analyse the gap amidst German school slope an find attainable solutions for that problem.11At the beginning of my approach I will be presenting a selection of different explicates regarding their regional usage. In the followe point I will analyse measuring stick incline which is being taught in German schools and compare these offsprings with the tensionuates menti sensationd beforehand. After that I will summarize my approaches and try to find explanations as well as possible solutions.2. The master(prenominal) dialectsI want to start off with the presentation of the main(prenominal) dialects of the English language. For this I will adapt the Dialectology of Baugh5 who differentiates between normalityern, West nationals, eastern hemisphere Midlands and southerly. In Old English they were divided into Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon and Kentish6.Of course there are far more divisions of accents solely this would overtake the length of this piece of work. to boot, I will edgeinate cockney7 in my analysis.2.1. Northern EnglishThis dialect is overly knows as Geordie8. The Northeast battlefield contains the urban centres of Newcastle, Sunderland, Middlesborough and contiguous areas. Trudgill9 defines some of the best-known characteristics of the modern Northeast pronunciation which include the undermentioned. According to him the accent, as we check seen, does not hit the diphthongal pronunciations of the dour a vowel sound in made, gate, face that are more usual of the conspiracy of England, and the same is true of long o as in sauceboat, road, load.It tin faecal matter be defined as a certain kind of simplification. Instead of the touchstone English Combination of two vowels in boat but only one vowel is being used oo The same phenomenon basis be prepare indoors the pronunciation of names like made, which are not being sound out mid but simplified mehd.Trudgill excessively points out that terminology that birth al in the spelling are sound out with a vowel of the event ah, so that all is ahl and walk is wahk.A Geordie-joke makes this difference discharge in a unpaired way A non-Geordie doctor who asks his patient if he is able to walk makes the patient interprets as a query about work ans replies Wawk I layaboutnot even wahk yet11The second pop of the Northern area, the Lower North and Central North, covers, fit in to Trudgill, a too large area str etc.ing dismantle from Carlisl e to Sheffield and covering Cumbria, most of Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire. He points out that this dialect differs from the Northeast by not having ee in very. 10 An other(a) remarkable factor he mentions is that he Central North as well as contains a sub-area in which an interesting type of consonantal change takes place in certain conditions. What happens is that the balmy consonants b, d, g, v, z and j change to their gruelling counterpart p, t, k, f, s, and ch if they reach today before any of these same voiceless consonants.11 The causes E wood goh (He would go) and E woot coom (He would come). They would pronounce the expression I dont know like I doont noo.Another point is that this dialect is kind of like to the accent Indians or Pakistanis find when they give tongue to English. more of these dialectal features to a fault appear in their accent. These shared out features could be analysed in future for the Asian confederacy in Britain is increasing steadil y is growing. Which quarrel, expressions are being brought into English through them would be interesting to find out.2.2. West MidlandsThe central townsfolk for this accent is Liverpool. for the accent is very distinctive for this area called Merseyside. It has been mainly influenced by Irish immigrants during the nineteenth century. Hughes/Trudgill12 describe the Liverpool accent delineate several(prenominal) features of which I will be mentioning a few.1. a) There is no contrast between pairs of words like put and putt, both being sound out put.b) occurs in words like dance, daft etc. c) Words like book and cook have the vowel u2. Unlike in other sexual unionern urban accents (but in roughhewn with Newcastle), the final vowels of words like city and seedy is i3. A telling infrequency of glottal stop occurs.4. h is usually absent, but is sometimes present (him an her)5. The suffix -ing is in112.3. vitamin E MidlandsBased on own experience I pile say that one of the clea rest markers for the East Midland accent can be defined as a kind of parallelism to German which withal appear in the Liverpool accent at times. The word bus, for instance, is not being pronounced bas but bus. Here, the vowel u is being pronounced the same way as in German. The same phenomenon can be frame in words like. Another marker for East Midland accent is the pronunciation of the vowel combination oe like in shoes, where it is being changed to shz.Speakers in this area may even have short-change e at the end of words like coffeh13. Trudgill mentions a diagnostic sentence for this area Veri few cahs mayd it up the long ill.142.4. in the southern English some(prenominal) of these dialectal features of Southern English are uniform to the welsh accent. Trudgill states that the Bristol speech is famous for the presence in this accent of a phenomenon called the Bristol I. He explains that in the Bristol area, words such as America, India, Diana, Gloria are pronounced with a final I. Undoubtedly, outside(prenominal)ers would be kinda confused hearing words like Americal, Indial and Dianal. This feature might be a outcome of hypercorrection, correspond to Trudgill.15In the South the glottal stop is very common as a pronunciation of t which can be gear up in words like better, water, bet and what. This feature can also be found in Cockney or Midland areas. Trudgill mentions the diagnostic feature of the South are the lack of y in few, which differentiates it from all other English regions except the Northeast, although today h is cursorily being lost.16 He also notes that it a typical factor for East Anglia is the lack of distinction between the vowels of here and there, so that peer sounds like pair, here like whisker and deer like dare.172.5. CockneyCockney can be counted as a very special dialect because it can only be found amongst lot who break down in and around the capital of the United Kingdom area. Let entirely the name for this accent is special because it does not note directly to the region.11The term Cockney before stems from the mettles ages where it was applied to an effeminate person, simpleton or a particularly weak man from a town as opposed to a countryman who was regarded as tougher. In the 17th century the term changed and came to typify specifically a capital of the United Kingdomer.The six most tangency features of Cockney are181. r is pronounced only when followed immediately by a vowel-sound. So, in the demonstration below, no r is pronounced in flowers. (Some New England accents and Southern U.S. accents have this same feature.)2. h is usually omitted (home in the demonstration words) in self-conscious speech its articulated very strongly.3. l is pronounced only when a vowel-sound follows (so no l is pronounced in hole, etc.).4. Voiceless th is often, but not always, pronounced as f (breath, etc.).5. Voiced th is as well as often but not always pronounced as v (breathe, etc.) This feature is also found in Southern U.S. lower companionable descriptor speech.6. The long vowels are all diphthongs, as one can hear from the demonstration words. Notice curiously the difference between force etc. (spelled with r followed by a consonant, though the r is not pronounced) and poor etc. (spelled with r not followed by a consonant, though again the r is not pronounced).More examples for this would beprice proimother mawa piddling liou with a glottal stop in the gistnote no with a glottal stop at the endbowl baoCockney has another speciality. It consists of a special vocabulary which is called Cockney rhyming lingo. It has been evolving in the East End of capital of the United Kingdom since the sixteenth century. It is model to have originated from the seamen and s antiquatediers who used the capital of the United Kingdom docks, from the Gypsies who arrived in the cardinal hundreds, from the Irish residents and the Jewish faction and from all the other ethnic minorities whi ch have made up the population of the city.1911It is said to have started as a way for costermongers20 to communicate without letting their customers know what they were verbalize. The slang usually consists of two words, e.g. butchers defraud = look but sometimes only the start word is used in conversation.For example, someone might say I had a butchers at her barnet and her titfer pith I had a look at her hair (barnet fair) and her hat (tit for tat). One has to know, though, when to use the firm phrase and when to abbreviate. Another example Would you Adam and Eve it? I was on me Jack Jones when I saw me old china half inching a whistle from the market. Well, I aint no grass and hes borassic, so I unbroken me north and south shut.Translation Would you believe it? I was on my own when I saw my old teammate (friend) pinching (stealing) a suit from the market. Well, Im not a nark (informer) and hes stone-broke (got no money, hard up) so I kept my mouth shut.In the net profi t a on the whole dictionary can be found consisting of old and new Rhyming-Slang. The freshest contribution was the expression Becks and Posh for food. nutrient is also called nosh which rhymes with the nicknames of the famous David and Victoria Beckham, countrywide known as Becks and Posh21.This last example makes it clear that the rhyming slang does not have and economical reasons behind. It is more or less result of playing with words which the English are very fond of (for example in newspaper headlines). Additionally it is of course, the sense of togetherness, a kind of linguistic order by defining a secret language as a code of capital of the United Kingdom residents whereas this point, regarding the high gear population rate, refers more to small groups of people.3. measuring stick English English- learn in lower-saxonyEnglish has the status of a global language well-nigh everybody applying for a good pedigree needs to prove his or her English skills. The challenger is getting harder and harder. This is one of the factors leading to the current password whether to introduce English to schoolchildren at an even preceding age then 10. Some primary schools offer up this already. Another interesting fact is that more and more schools offer bilingual teaching. The Ricarda-Huch-Schule in Braunschweig, for instance, offers several subjects being taught in English to make the children learn both, biology and English, at once.11Like this English finds its way into our life in more and more ways. But coming back to education a problem arises. Of course, children cannot learn every single accent being spoken in England, so that is why there are set forms for the learning process. They are monovular to the language understood by the term of criterion English.Different then in Germany there cannot be found any accent-free regions in England. In similarity to that you can find unofficial figures which tell us that Hanover is most likely to be accent- free. type English, on the other hand, is more of an indicator for an upper social status, it can be seen as a class-dialect, owing its origin in the main not to geographical but to socio-economic causes. At the end it is instead a thin border between the English which is being taught at foreign schools and the English which is meant to cost poshness.Wakelin22 marks that a distinction must be made between Standard English, which is a dialect in use by educated speakers of English throughout the world, and Received orthoepy, which is the accent of English usually associated with a higher social or donnish background, with the BBC and the professions, and that most commonly taught to students learning English as a foreign language.23 So one has to clearly differentiate between Received Pronunciation (RP) and Standard English (SE).So, why is Standard English so different from the other accents then? Wakelin defines that Standard English is the sort of language used when communicati ng beyond the family, close friends and acquaintances, whereas dialect is nowadays often kept for intimate circles.24 So it can be seen as the most relevant English accent which can be understood everywhere and is compatible to every region in England.This type of English as being called normal English by Randolph Quirk25 is being taught children and adults all around the world. The following graphic tries to illustrate the violation which arises when both Standard English and regional accents clash.11People with different mother tongues learn English as their primary or as another foreign language. They all refer to the same Vocabulary, use the same grammar and expressions which have been set by the Standard English-norm.3.1. Comparison to English accentsThe chapter of English Sounds prepares the learning schoolchildren with the explanation that English words are often being pronounced differently than they are written and defines some words by using the phonetical alphabet.26I want to show the differences of Standard English and English accents by directly analyse several words to each other. Referring to the pronunciation I want to compare the word but which is being pronounced with a short u in South England and with a long oo in Northern England27 whereas schoolchildren learn to pronounce the word but with an 28?There is one area of England where the y sound has been lost as a result of a historical process. This can be found in words like beauty booty, music moosic and few foo29 and is probably sack to spread more with the years.11Whereas in foreign schools it is still being taught that music should be pronounced mjuzik30 and beautiful bjut?f?l31.The pronunciation of take out also differs. Camden Market teaches the children to pronounce it mlk32 but the pronunciation according to the modern dialectology says that in a large area of southeastern England this consonant has aquired a short oo-like vowel in fron of it, or, especially in London itself, has disappeared altogether, leaving only the oo behind.33 So in this case the word milk is being pronounced mioolk which is being defined as a kind of a recent change but bed cover rapidly through the country.Now shifting over to the less problematical field of lexical variations it can be said that there are several words with the same meaning but regionally fixed.Words like the Standard English term gymshoe are known as the general term but in England they have more expressions for that. In the southern region they are called plimsolls, in middle English they are called pumps and people living in and around Newcastle talk about sandshoes.34The word ear has also has different regional variations. In the North they talk about lugs and around Nottinghamshire one can also hear them talking about tabs. The easterly part of England also might use lug. Standard English, of course, only teaches ear.4. SummaryOn the whole it there is a big gap to be found between the English which is bei ng taught in schools and the English which is being spoken in England. My analysis makes it quite clear that several difficulties occur when a person who has been learning English for five years and thinks he is now prepared for the linguistic challenge in England.The reality is different, as my paper shows. There is nearly nobody who speaks accent-free English but on the other hand Standard English mixes into the accents more and more. The outrage of pure dialects is being mourned about in the whole country. The dialects are no longer pure, if they ever were, but contain a large mix of Standard English or pseudo-Standard forms, as Wakelin35 mentions. The main reason for this development might be the result of the following problem11In England is that people often get discriminated because of their language. The dialect is a clear social marker these days. Many countries have problem with racism, but in England people sometimes get discriminated against if they sound different.For exampleA Scouse accent refers to a very rough area and there are chances are that the speaker is a freebooterA Posh accent If people talk like this then they are supposedly educated, and can be trusted. Others would think your a rich person, and that your stuck up and you went to a boarding school.A Brummie accent If a person speaks like this, then chances are that people think he is stupid.A Geordie accent For some reason, the geordie accent is more comforting to southerners in England out of all the northern accents. Even though a Geordie can live in just as much a rough area, than a scouser if not rougher.A Yorkshire accent There is a saying about this dialect called Yorkshire born, yorkshire bread, thick in the outgrowth and thick in the head?A Cornish accent If somebody dialogue like this most people think they are a farmer.The moment of accents and their cultural and social associations is well represented in films and on television in Britain. The critically acclaimed 19 64 data file My fair Lady based on George Bernard Shaws 1912 play, Pygmalion is often referenced in linguistic discussions as a example of how social class and accent were, and are still, inextricably linked in Britain. everyplace the past years, numerous television series have also provided viewers with a glimpse of the lives and accents of the Cockney population of London. The Cockney English section talks more about the current, very popular long running television series EastEnders.This opposes my supposition that Standard English might not be the chasten form to teach people English or should only form the basis of the linguistic education. The fact that the dialects are slowly dying and Standard English is spreading all over the world questions this. Additionally, more and more immigrants from mainly the Asian region stupefy in a new Standard English which I have been mentioning in point 2.1.At the end, I would say that English language teaching should be more concerned abo ut real life and the real speech avoiding throwing the young learners into a cold pool when they enter the country.11A possible solution for this could be to strengthen the bonds of foreign relations between schools. Pen-friendships and school-exchanges could provide the basis of a more reality-based teaching which would undoubtedly also have the effect of arousing the childrens enthusiasm of learning English.5. litBaugh, A.C. A History of the English Language, p. 235Davis, Lawrence M. English Dialectology. atomic number 13/USA 1983, p. 8Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 146Hughes, Arthur and Trudgill, puppet English Accents and Dialects, London 1996. p. 1Trudgill, shaft of light The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 51Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 5Quirk, Randolph The Use of English. London 1962, p. 95Internethttp//www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk/http//www.derek.co.uk/cockney.htmhttp//www.geordie.org.uk/http//ww w.phespirit.info/cockney/http//www.usingenglish.com/glossary/standard-english.html1http//www.usingenglish.com/glossary/standard-english.html2Hughes, Arthur and Trudgill, bastard English Accents and Dialects. London 1996, p. 13s. a.4Orientierungsstufe Westhagen/Wolfsburg5Baugh, A.C. A History of the English Language, p. 2356Davis, Lawrence M. English Dialectology. Alabama/USA 1983, p. 87Most common accent in and around London8http//www.geordie.org.uk/9Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 6710Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 6711see above12Hughes, Arthur and Trudgill, Peter English Accents and Dialects. New York (1996), p. 9213Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 7114see above, p. 7215see above, p. 7316see above, p. 7217see above, p. 7418http//www.derek.co.uk/cockney.htm19http//www.phespirit.info/cockney/20= street and market sellers21http//www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk/22Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduct ion. London 197723Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 524Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 525Quirk, Randolph The Use of English. London 1962, p. 9526Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 14627Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 5128Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 14629Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 5730Edelhoff, Christoph (Hrg.) Camden Market. Hannover 1998, p. 17931see above, p. 17332see above, p. 17833Trudgill, Peter The dialects of England. Oxford 1990, p. 6034see above, p. 10235Wakelin, Martyn F. English Dialects. An Introduction. London 1977, p. 5