Potato Production and Marketing in Sri Lanka

Potato Production and Marketing in Sri Lanka Potato which conventionally grown through seed tubers, is an important crop in Sri Lanka for its high consumer preference and for high net profit. However, potato demands a heavy investment of about Rs.300, 000 per Hectare (Ha) during the cropping period in which seed material alone accounts for about 50-60% of the cost of production. Potato originated in Andes highlands in Peru and Europeans  [1]  and it was introduced to Sri Lanka in 1850s. At present potato is extensively cultivated in the district of Nuwara Eliya in two major seasons, Yala (Feb July) and Maha (Aug Dec.). It is also widely grown in Badulla District in paddy fields and high lands during Yala and Maha seasons respectively.. Jaffna and Puttlam are the other two districts where the potato is grown in lesser extent. Potato is the most popular crop of upcountry farmers due to its high net return.  [2]   Potato popularly known as The king of vegetables, has emerged as one of the most important food crop in Sri Lanka after rice, and few other crops like chilies, onion, maize etc.. Therefore, Potato production in Sri Lanka is largely for the local food market and vegetable basket in the country is incomplete without Potato. Because, the dry matter, edible energy and protein content of potato makes it nutritionally superior vegetable as well as staple food in our country. Hence, potato may prove to be a useful tool to achieve the nutritional security of the nations in the any country.  [3]   The production of particularly high value cash crops such as potatoes, chilies, and big onion, has been decreasing over the past decade. In addition, the cost of production of these crops is relatively high when compared to the other countries in the region. Local producers have had difficulty competing with imports of these commodities. This can be mainly attributed to the relaxation of import restrictions by the government in 1996. Farmers are now confronted with severe difficulties in marketing their products due to the availability of cheaper imports. Potato production has decreased from 88,709 MT in 2002 to 60,848 MT in 2009. Potato imports in 2009 were estimated at 99622 MT, which accounts for 80 per cent of the local requirement. More than 80 per cent of total imports are from India, China and Pakistan. Until 1996, potato remained a highly protected crop.  [4]  However, in recent years, the cost of production, estimated at around Rs 35.00 45.00 per kg, has remained extrem ely high and poor yield has eroded the profitability of this crop. Based on these economic scenarios of the potato production and marketing, this paper is trying to review and analysis of major characteristics, recent developments and changes of the potato production and marketing system in Sri Lanka. CHAPTER TWO METHODLOGY AIM This paper is trying to review and analysis of major characteristics, recent developments and changes (Opportunities and Challenges) of the potato production and marketing system in Sri Lanka. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Potatoes become leading and lagging sub farming sector of the economy. In recent years, Potato Crisis confront to the agricultural development scenario in Sri Lanka, are attributing the high incidence of farmers agitation, hunger strikes and many other forms of farmers demonstrations. A sharp decline of producer prices of potatoes, imports of potatoes and import liberalization, increased of cost of production and high prices of farm inputs, crop loss and market failures are the leading issues that encourage them to protest. Therefore, these empirical evidence reveals that there are some extents of the ailing features of crisis on the potato farming sector in Sri Lanka, and it can be concluded that the process of production and marketing of potato in farming sector is in wrong track. At presently, potato farming is struggling to rural adjust on economic, social and political reality. In the changing global economic scenario, they are now facing new challenges of improving the producti on of potatoes and finding new technologies at the farm level. The incidence of poverty and income inequalities in these communities has considerably widespread due to these reasons. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Since the imported potato is cheaper than the domestic potato, the local farmers are facing many difficulties when they try to market their products. GENERAL OBJECTIVE This research paper reviews and analysis of the major characteristics of the potato production and marketing system in Sri Lanka and, since the imported potato is cheaper than the domestic potato, its effects and impacts on local production. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Specific Objectives of the research are as follows. a. To review and analyze the major characteristics of production and marketing of potatoes in Sri Lanka. b. To identify and examine the contributing factors of the process of production and marketing sector. c. To review the problems and constrains on the process of production and marketing. d. To make some suggestions for future development of the potato production in Sri Lanka. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Potato has been one of the leading cash crops grown in Sri Lanka and the annual production is average 76,000 metric tons. The land utilization of the potato cultivation is nearly 4500 hectare  [5]  . Further a crop of potato has high income capability and during the last decade it was identified that thousands of farmers became rich. Study on the review and analysis of the major characteristics, recent developments and changes of the potato production and marketing in Sri Lanka will be important for formulation and implementation of the policies and making decisions to up lift the dying potato cultivation in Sri Lanka. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Basically this research is based on the Case Study Approach. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION Data has been collected through two sources as primary and secondary datas. Primary Data. The primary data has been collected by administering a questionnaire among the identified sample of 25 potato farmers and also by interviewing the potato farmers and distributors. Secondary Data. Secondary Data has been collected by examining documents and reports available at the Agricultural Department and Agricultural Library at Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Time allocation for the research was limited. Therefore, it has not been able to research all the subject areas as well as go into detailed study. The collection of data for the research was limited as the time duration for the research was limited. No field visits or other experiences carried out. CHAPTER THREE LITERATURE REVIEW HISTORY AND PRODUCTION TRENDS The successful cultivation of potatoes was first recorded in Sri Lanka in 1812, when it was introduced in Morawak Korale. Others like Abeyaratna (1985) contend that the potatoes were, probably, introduced by the Dutch who ruled the coastal areas from 1656 to 1792. Attempts at growing potatoes in the center of the present potato producing area were done by Samuel Baker around in 1850. However, it was only in 1909 that the local potatoes of Uruguay origin were grown at Hakgala Gardens. Later some British planters in the country at the time cultivated potatoes in their home gardens for their own use. Meanwhile the Department of Agriculture was concerned with potato cultivation for a considerable period (Mahakumbura, 1980).  [6]   In 1948, the Department of Agriculture began working on potatoes, devoting the first few years to investigating the cultivars suitable for growing, cultural practices, fertilizer applications and control of pests and diseases. The cultivation of potatoes on a large scale was started in 1951/52, but it failed due to various reasons. Cultivation was again attempted in 1957 in Badulla and Nuwara Eliya districts, but the farmers were not able to get a reasonable income because imported table stock potatoes were available in the local market at a very low price. When the government stopped the import of table stock potatoes in 1967 to encourage local production, the farmers once again started to cultivate this crop. This strategy was immediately successful and there was a rapid expansion of the acreage of potatoes. Production. The total extent of potato in Sri Lanka is 4,039Ha. In the central highland of Sri Lanka, potato is grown mainly in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla districts. The total extent cultivated under this crop in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla districts accounted for 725Ha and 3345Ha respectively (Department of Census and Statistics, 2009). The total potato production in 2009 amounted to 61705 Mt. Nuwara Eliya potato production was 12212 Mt and Badulla was 48,982 Mt and other districts recorded 511Mt to the total production  [7]  . Potato cultivation is an integral part of the up country vegetable farming system. It was continued as the most popular farming system in the up country area because of its high income generating potential. In general the potato production in up lands beings from the cultivation of imported seeds in up lands in the Maha season. The large part of the up land harvest is stored for 2.5-3 months and then planted in low lands followed by the rice crop. The most par t of the Yala harvest comes to the market at the early part of the next year. Seasons. In Nuwara Eliya, planting is done twice, once in the months of February to March which is harvested in June-July, and again in August to September to harvest in the months of January or February. In Badulla also potatoes are grown twice a year. The seeding is done in November-December is harvested in March-April, while the June-July planting is harvested in the month of October-November. In Jaffna and Puttalam, only one crop is grown which is sown in November-December and harvested in the month of March (Angammana, 1983). Seed Sources And Varieties. Annually, the Department of Agriculture of Sri Lanka imports 300-3500 tons of certified seed from European countries  [8]  . The certified seed has come from Holland, Germany, Denmark and Scotland in recent years. Normally the seed material is imported once a year. The varieties Desiree and Arka have been the most popular varieties of Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, and Jaffna farmers for the last few years. Because these varieties have generally provided good yields. Recently the variety Ishna was introduced in the Nuwara Eliya and Budulla districts where it has produced higher yields than Desiree and Arka. Production. During the last decade, the production of potato crop followed a volatile and declined trend in late 1990s. Period of 1980s to early 1990, potato production significantly increased. Post 1996, however, the domestic production of this crop began to decline as restrictions on imports were liberalized. A dramatic shift in area out of this crop primarily contributed to the production decline. Weather, poor storage conditions, diseases and availability of good seed are the major problems in potato production in Sri Lanka. Most of the growers in the up country depend on natural precipitation while growers in the coastal districts (Puttalam and Jaffna) use irrigation. If the rainfall in the up country fails, potato production in the other areas is affected because of the short supply of seed potatoes. The next major limitation is the poor storage facility on most farms where seed potatoes are kept in boxes in the farmers home. Storage. Many types of storage are used to store potatoes. The locally produced seed potatoes in Nuwara Eliya are stored in seed potato stores in Nuwara Eliya and Rahangala.. The stores in Nuwara Eliya can keep seed for a longer period of time compared with Rahangala because of climatic conditions. The seed purchased in June and July is stored in trays up to November-December and sent to the major potato producing areas such as Jaffna and. In Rahangala stores, seed potatoes are stored in bulk to a height of one meter but no forced ventilation is provided. Normally farmers store their seed potatoes in boxes and keep them in their homes where ventilation is very low, causing high temperatures and heavy loss in storage. POTATO CULTIVATION IN SRI LANKA Potatoes in Sri Lanka are mainly grown in three districts, namely Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, and Jaffna. However, there are namely areas that potato can be cultivated. Such as Puttalam, Kalpitiya, Rathnapura, Kandy etc. However, Due to many reasons cultivation are strictly limited to the above areas. Nuwara Eliya. The climate of Nuwara Eliya district is ideally suited for seed potato production. The peak periods of planting are during the months of August-September (Yala planting) and February-March (Maha planting). Planting cannot be done in May, June and July because of the heavy winds and rain. Similarly production in December and January is restricted because of the night frost in these two months. Badulla. In Badulla there are two planting seasons, one in the uplands in November-December (Maha planting) and the other in June-July (Yala planting) in the paddy fields of lowlands after the rice harvest. A large area is planted in the June-July planting. The farmers use only imported seed for the November-December planting and their own seed for June-July planting. Jaffna. In the existing climatic conditions in Jaffna, only one crop a year is possible. Potatoes are planted in November after heavy rains in October. Cool night temperature during December and January help in tuber initiation and formation, resulting in fairly high yields. The Jaffna farmers obtain their seed from the government farms and contract growers in Nuwara Eliya. Puttalam is another district having a similar climatic condition as Jaffna where the cultivation of potatoes has started recently. PRODUCTIONS AND ITS MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS The potato is an important commodity in the countries of South Asia. Because of the crops short vegetative cycle, the potato plays an important role in the regions food security. The potato in Asia and especially in the South Asia region has experienced the worlds highest annual growth rate in production over the past three decades.  [9]   Within global scenarios, the position on production and marketing of potato in Sri Lanka is somewhat different. During the last decade, the production of potato crop followed a volatile and declined trend in late 1990s. Period of 1980s to early 1990, potato production significantly increased. Post 1996, however, the domestic production of this crop began to decline as restrictions on imports were liberalized. A dramatic shift in area out of this crop primarily contributed to the production decline. The Figure: 1 has sufficiently explained the changes and fluctuations of land extent of potato from 1970 to year 2009 in Sri Lanka.  [10]   About 99 percent of the total land of potato cultivation are concentrated in two districts of Nuwara Eliya and Badulla . The highest amount of land of potato cultivation and lager number of farmers were in Budulla, while, more commercial oriented and lesser number of potato farmers were in Nuwara Eliya district. The distribution of land extent for potato crop growing in each district as shown in Figure: 3.It is obvious to note that the Potato cultivation in other areas in the country has strictly limited due to many reasons. However, there are many possibilities and potentialities for extended to this crop in other districts of the country. Production of potatoes is mainly depending on the extent of lands. Production trend of potato, during the last 39 years are evidently shown in the Figure: 2. Increase trend of production has commenced in 1978 and it had continued up to year in 1996. After that, production has widely fluctuated. Declined of land extent, changes of government policies, removing of import restrictions and imports of large quantities of potatoes, low farm gate prices are the key contribution factors for the stagnation and declining trend of production in recent pasts. Figure: 4. has provided the detail distribution of production quantities in each district of Nuwara Eliya and Badulla. According to Figure.4, in early 1990s, both districts were produced in similar amount of quantities of potatoes. After 1997, quantity produced in Badulla district had remarkably improved. Badulla is more than double that the potato produced in Nuwara Eliya distict, where production trend has declined in recent years. MARKETING SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES Assembling is the first step in marketing of farm products. It involves collection of small surpluses from number of small farms scattered over large areas and bulking the same for subsequent distribution in volume. The agencies engaged in the assembling of potato are as below: a. Producers b. Village Merchants c. Itinerant Merchants d. Wholesale Merchants e. Commission Agent f. Producers Co-operative Societies Major Assembling Markets. The major assembling markets are located in city of Nuwera Eliya, Badulla, Welimada and other few rural and urban centers of Kandapola, Ragala, Maturata, Kappetipola, Walapane and Mandaramnuwara. These key assembling markets in major producing areas send their collections to terminal wholesale markets of Colombo, Dambulla and Kandy while sending some stocks to other small regional markets. Distribution, Consumption and Marketing. After keeping their requirement of seed, the farmers sell the balance of the harvest immediately, either to the Marketing Department of Sri Lanka or to private dealers. Most farmers prefer to sell their produce to the private dealers as they pay a higher price. The price of potatoes fluctuates widely throughout the year. Because of the coincidence of harvest in Jaffna, Puttalam and Badulla in January, February and March, there is a drop in the price during these months. Marketing Costs and Margins. Marketing costs are the actual expenses required for bringing potato from farm gate to the consumers. It includes the following: Handling charges at local points Assembling charges Transportation costs Handling charges by wholesalers and retailer to consumers Expenses on secondary services like financing, risk taking and market Intelligence Profit margins taken out by different agencies. The marketing margins of potato are the difference between the actual price paid by the consumer and the price received by farmer for an equivalent quantity and quality of potato. Imports of Potatoes. It is leading question for the farmers, while it is leading solution for the consumers. The Table 1 has shown the potato imports in Sri Lanka, from 1994 to year 2009. The quantity of imports, during the last 30 years had increased considerably. However, imports have rapidly increased the period of last ten years in 1997 to 2007  [11]  . This was mainly due to the removing of import restriction of potatoes, under the liberalization of agricultural markets. Further, the value of the imports and unit prices of potatoes (CIF) has significantly increased, while, the rising trend of quantities, CIF prices and total vales are continued in past few years. Therefore, an increasing trend of all these import variables is key dilemma of the local potato production and marketing system. Prices, Price trends and Developments. The prices of potato are the key issue in the system of production and marketing. The three levels in producer prices, wholesale prices and retail prices are most influential matter for the farmers, traders and consumers. The general trend of prices has shown that the prices have gone up, with extensively fluctuations by weekly, monthly and annually. The rising tendency of wholesale and retail prices is the most common features of the marketing system. The Figure: 6 and 7 adequately gives details on the behavior and patterns of the average wholesale and retail prices of potato in Colombo and suburbs markets in last 12 years. CHAPTER FOUR results and Analysis This chapter includes presentation and analysis of research data in an empirical way in order to enhance the quality of the research report. Both primary and secondary data were used for the analysis and presentation. ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Question 01 Figure 5.1 As per the Figure 5.1, 52% of the respondents are strongly disagree with the statement that the government support is satisfactory for the potato cultivation while 40% are disagree with the statement. Question 02 Figure 5.2 72% of the participants do not believe that the potato will become one of the main crops in Sri Lanka in near future. Question 03 Figure 5.3 As per Figure 5.3, most of the respondents do not like importing potatoes from other countries. Question 04 Figure 5.4 According to the graph above, 24 respondents out of 25 are not satisfied with the support given by the whole sellers and the intermediates. Question 05 Figure 5.5 88 % of the respondents say that the research and development facilities should be improved for the development of potato production in Sri Lanka. Question 06 Figure 5.6 60 % of the respondents have strongly stated that they are not satisfied with the profit they gain by the potato cultivation, while another 36 % of the respondents are also disagree with the statement. Only 04 % of the respondents are satisfied with the income they gain. Question 07 Figure 5.7 All respondents say that they face many difficulties at the marketing stage (17 respondents out of 25 are strongly agree with the statement while other 08 are also agree with the statement.) Question 08 Figure 5.8 As per the above Figure, 96 % of the respondents do not agree with the statement that quality of the imported potatoes is better than Sri Lankan potatoes. Question 09 Figure 5.9 22 respondents out of 25 do not believe that the customers are willing to buy imported potatoes rather than buying Sri Lankan potatoes and only 03 respondents are agree with the statement. Question 10 Figure 5.10 All 25 respondents are strongly agreed that the high cost of cultivation is the main reason for decreasing the potato production in Sri Lanka. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEM IN SRI LANKA In addition to the analyzing of both primary and secondary data as mentioned in above, a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis was carried out to address the weaknesses and to arrest the treats in view of eliminating the stagnation in potato production and marketing in Sri Lanka and following are found. Strengths at Glance on Potato Production and Marketing System. Production possibilities and potentialities are tremendous in the country. Production directly effects on the increase of farmers incomes Reduction of imports on potato leads to favorable situation on balance of payments and may increasing the trend of production. An increase of production has reduces the level of malnutrition. Potential benefits and advantageous are very huge in many. Existing institutions mechanisms can be used for improvements. Potato farmers are organized, targets oriented and group specifics. Low dependency of international markets increased the food security. Small farmers income may increase and the marketing system may also improve. Weaknesses at Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System. There are no comparative advantages for potato production Low production and productivity are discouraged the farming system. Lands and soil degradation are leading factors for the decisions. Substantial importations of potato are reducing the farm incomes. Government has not clear policy for the imports of potatoes High Cost of Production are discouraged the farmers. There are wide gap between potential level and farmer yields Unavailability of quality seeds is major troubles. Lack of allocation for research and extension services Post-harvest loss is high and no proper storage facilities. Higher marketing cost has reduced the share of farmers incomes. Fluctuation of production and prices collapse the marketing system Farmers infrastructure facilities are need to be improved, farms roads etc. Threats at Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System. Inadequate availability of high yielding varieties is major threats. Inadequate technology transfer at village level farms. Poor soil fertility management has reduced the productivity. A high incidence of pest diseases has increase the risk of crop. Insufficient farm mechanization has reduced farming efficiency. Lacks of farmer group activities have reduced strengthen of farming communities. Due to the Poor and lack of processing facilities and agro- based industries, farmers have no alternative choices to sales. Land extent is highly responsive for quantity of imports. Liberalization trade has reduced the speed of growth. Potato production would be disappear, due to the economic globalizations Changes of tariff (duty) rates decrease the stability of production Inconsistency of the government policies reduces the efficiency of production marketing, while increasing risk of investment. Opportunities At Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System. Potentiality of the use of modern crop technology (Research and Development) is high for potatoes and there are more possibilities to minimize post-harvest losses There are more possibilities to increase of value added products Potato is an instrument for the transformation of the farmers from subsistence to commercial level farming. Abilities of poverty alleviation and capability of the earring higher incomes of the potato production is very high. Potato is an essential food items in normal Sri Lankan diets and the demand and per capita consumption can be improved. Being a short duration crop, it produces more quantity of dry matter, edible energy and edible protein in lesser duration of time than cereals like rice/ wheat Potato may prove to be a useful tool to achieve the nutritional security with the food security of the nations. Production can be self-sufficient in terms of local requirements. 6. As per the data analyzed above, the hypothesis which is stated in Chapter Two is proven and acceptable. It is now proven that since the imported potatoes are cheaper than the domestic potato, the local farmers are facing many difficulties when they try to market their products. CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION This chapter is the most important part of the research since this chapter consists with the conclusion on research findings and recommendations for future researches. The main objective of this chapter is to present the results based on research finding. In conclusion, it is better to look back the objectives stated in the first chapter and determine whether this research has met its objectives. At the final stage of this research study, I would like to sum up my conclusion stating that the research has met all its objectives to a greater extent. In general, the conclusion of this paper is neither particularly optimistic nor particularly pessimistic. During the research, it was found that there are many obstacles and problems, but also many opportunities and potentialities in improving the production and marketing of potatoes in Sri Lanka. The key problem is that the imported potatoes are cheaper than the domestic potatoes and local consumers reportedly prefer the potatoes grown in upcountry areas. Since quantities of local production and prices of potatoes; specially, farm gate, wholesale and retail prices, are highly fluctuating within a year frequently and it is highly depend on these cheaper import prices and the import quantities. Hence there is a huge impact on the local production and marketing system by the imported potatoes. In the process of interviewing potato farmers during the research study, it was highlighted that there are some economic and political impacts also for the potato production and marketing of Sri Lanka. During the research, it was found that the quality of the imported potatoes is lesser than the domestic production. Hence most of the consumers are not willing to buy imported potatoes and they have the preference on the local production. But due to lesser supply of local production consumers are compelled to buy imported potatoes. This has been proved in figure 4.8 and figure 4.9. Further it could be seen that the research development facilities should be improved for the development of potato production in Sri Lanka and it is proved in figure 4.5 in chapter 04. As per the figure 4.10, high cost of cultivation is the main reason for decreasing the potato production in Sri Lanka. MARKETING CONSTRAINTS It was highlighted that the local farmers face many difficulties at the marketing stage and it is stated in figure 4.7 in Chapter Four. Following are the main marketing constraints faced by the local farmers. High Marketing Costs Margins. Transaction cost of marketing is high. There is a need for promoting producers cooperativeness and some other trader organizations in potato growing areas to reduce the price gap between growers and consumers. As per the figure 4.4, a minimum support is given to farmers by the whole sellers and the intermediates. Wide Price Fluctuations. The major potato growing areas should arrange advance forecasting of area under potato and plan to divert the potatoes to the deficient areas or consumers areas by sending to avoid glut situations and price crashes in the markets. Bottlenecks in Storage Facilities. There are no cold storages facilities in the country used for potato storage and

Network Security Essay

Firewall:- A firewall is a software program or a piece of information that help screen out hackers, virus, worms and Trojan horse that try to reach to your computer over the internet. If you use a computer at home the most efficient and important step to help your computer to protect by turning on your firewall. If you have a more than one computer connects in home. It is important to protect every computer. You should have a hardware firewall (such as router) to protect your network, but you should also use software firewall on each computer to prevent the spread of virus your network. If your computer is a part of business, you should follow the policy established by network administrator. How it works:- When your firewall protection is turned on, everything that goes in and out of the network is monitored. The firewall monitors allows ‘good data’ in and block ‘bad data’ from entering your network. Firewall uses one or combination of the following method to control the traffic in and of the network:- 1) Packet filtering:- The most basic form of firewall software uses pre-determined rules to create different filters. If an incoming packet of data (small chunk of data) is flagged by the filters, it is not allowed through. Packets that make it through the filters are sent to requesting system and all others are discarded. 2) Proxy services:- A proxy service is an application that acts as an intermediary between systems. Information from the internet is received by the firewall and sent to the requesting system and vice versa.   Proxy server operates at the application layer of firewall, where both ends of the connection are forced to conduct session through the proxy. They operate by creating and running a process on the firewall that mirrors a service as if it were running on the host end, and thus centralize all the information transfer to the firewall for scanning. 3) Stateful inspection:- The most modern method of firewall scanning that does not rely on memory intensive examination is ‘Stateful inspection’. A Stateful firewall  holds significant attributes of each connection of trusted information for the duration of session. These attributes which are collectively known as state of the connection may include ip addresses, ports involved in the network and number of packets being transferred. Types:- There are two types of firewall that are as follows:- Hardware firewall. Software firewall. 1) Hardware firewall:- Hardware firewall built into the device such as routers and can protect every single machine on a network and require little configuration for efficient work. They mostly use packet filtering technique to examine the header of the packet, determining source and destination, then comparing the data to a set of predefine rules, they decide whether to ignore the packet or forward to the next step or to its final destination. 2) Software firewall:- Software firewalls are the most popular protection method for home users. They usually come as standalone applications or as a part of complete antivirus protection software. That is why it is mostly used in personal network. Antivirus such as bull guard provides besides providing protection for inbound and outbound traffic. A software firewall also protects against worms and Trojan horses. The software firewall must be regularly protected to keep up the latest technology updates and provides effective protection. NOTE:- Each type has advantages and disadvantages, ranging from ease of implementation to high initial cost. Companies should use the firewall as part of overall information security program that includes data integrity, application integrity and data confidentiality and authentication.

Juvenile Correctional Officers Essay

When a person is charged for a crime that was committed and is sentenced to serve time in a facility, a correctional officer is responsible for the supervision and safety of the detainee. Correctional officers work in adult and juvenile detention centers, though in each facility their responsibilities differ pertaining to whether the detainee is an adult or a juvenile. Because of the ages of the detainees a correctional officer at a juvenile detention facility are greater than if they were dealing with adults. To understand what the differences are in regards to a juvenile, one must know, child development, punishment, and deterrence play a part in the unique situations pertaining to a juvenile detainee. Every child that commit’s a crime has their very own unique situation behind the crime. Some children were taught the crimes they commit by a trusted adult, or television. Some may have an underlying mental or psychological defect that brought them to commit the crime. There are also situations where a child was neglected, abandoned, or abused by an adult they cared about, thus bringing violence among the child. A child’s development can play a very important role in corrections. There may be a violent child that may need to be restrained or put in separate quarters to protect themselves as well as other detainees from harm. A child may also need to be medicated because of an underlying condition or disease. All of these factors can not only affect how a child is taken care of in a facility, but also before that when they are arrested and tried. All of the above factors can either help or hurt a child. If there is no proof of abuse or an mental condition, the courts may be less lenient on their charge and sentence, then a troubled child with underlying factors, in which a judge may take those factors into consideration and gives a lesser charge, House them in a mental facility instead, or provide extra programs or services to help the child once detained. Through punishment a court can show the juvenile what happens if they commit a crime and keep them off the street and from the community by taking away their freedom. Most juveniles are punished by a fine, community service, probation, home electronic monitoring, or incarceration in a juvenile detention center. While there they will be under close supervision of correctional officers and therapists in some facilities. There are occasions for serious crimes that a judge will sentence a juvenile to an adult detention center if they have been tried as an adult. The juveniles that are occasionally tried as adults are ones that commit crimes such as manslaughter, sex crimes, or murder. While a juvenile is in a detention center, they can have visitors as long as it is an immediate family member and this is usually on certain days. In some facilities, recreation, religious, and educational programs are given while they are detained as well. â€Å"Increased punishment of juveniles reduces the amount of crime they commit in a way similar to the impact punishment has for adults, according to a new paper by Steven Levitt, Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Chicagoâ€Å". â€Å"The evidence suggests that juvenile crime is responsive to harsher sanctions,† Levitt writes. â€Å"The estimated decrease in crime associated with incarcerating an additional juvenile is at least as large as the corresponding reduction in crime for adult offenders†, (Levitt, S, 1998). â€Å"In an effort to strengthen the sanctions for serious juvenile crimes, a number of states have enacted laws increasing the types of offenders and offenses eligible for transfer from the juvenile court to the adult criminal court for trial and potential sentencing†, (Redding, R, 2010). These laws are created to try and set precedent to deter juveniles from following certain crime trends and teach them what is in store for them if they do offend. Deterrence has became a popular practice in the criminal justice system. With success of a deterrence, jails and detention centers do not get overcrowded, and more money of the individual states can go to fund therapeutic programs and services to assist troubled individuals. In some instances, a juvenile can be given an opportunity to make heir offense right by attending therapy and psychological meetings, thus helping them cope with whatever issues they may have. This can aid in deterring the individual from committing a crime. Juveniles are our future and it is the responsibility of us adults to help them grow up into fine law abiding individuals and not into a life of crime. To help adults teach juveniles they , must know the juvenile corrections department and educate their children. Knowing how a child develops, how punishment can help, and ways to deter the juvenile are good practices for any parent and adult to learn. For us to safely say we raised our kids right, we must keep the world free of crime and full of love. Resources Redding, Richard, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, US Dept of Justice, Juvenile Transfer Laws, 2010, Right Margin Steven Levitt, Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago, Juvenile Delinquents, University of Chicago News Office, December 21, 1998, Para. 1.

Case study Community Impact Practice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2669 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Community Impact Practice Topic: Case study Community Impact Practice Table of Contents Introduction. Purpose. Learning objectives. Definitions and importances of Critical Reflection and reflective practice.. Defining Critical Reflection Defining Reflective Practice. The value and method of reflective practice Personal Development Planning Defining PDP Purpose of PDP.. Situation analysis of Personal Development Planning Continuing Professional Development.. Defining CPD. Purpose of CPD Situation analysis of Continuing Professional Development. Relationship between Critical reflection with PDPCPD.. Conclusion. References. Introduction One of the most conspicuous trends in the 21st century is the more complex development in human thinking. Based on community impact practice, social environment changing, it self-reflections and self-criticism are the requirement for one who is making progress as only by knowing what the shortcoming. Thus, this report presents the purpose of CIP and learning objectives, and then intends to understand the meaning of Critical reflections and Reflective Practice, the value and method of meditative practice. So, this article is going to explain two concepts of PDP and then defining the PDP, and discusses the purpose of the PDP and Situation analysis of PDP, and then explains another one concept, Continuing Professional Development, and last part will talk over how critical reflection can be employed to encourage individuals from an inner and external focus on the organizational system. The last section of the story will be discussed relationship between Critical reflection and PDPCPD i n directing the soul to build up external and inner focus. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Case study Community Impact Practice" essay for you Create order Definitions and importances of Critical Reflection and reflective practice Defining Critical Reflection, there seems to be a lack of a show understanding of critical observation, as it is a contested term reflecting the political orientation of the user. Depending on oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective critical reflection can be inferred to imply very different things (Boyd Fales, 1993) and varies within individuals and contexts. Critical reflection is about a key factor in studying process of people and in many areas of professional practice (Brookfield, 2009), Critical reflection is included in many factors of professional development and practice, including the all factors of management, instructing, and health care training as it encourages people to link into their own professionalism through their experiences. (Smith, 2011). About the Critical reflection is used in education to promote the citizenry how to ameliorate their own self-assurance. What difference does reflective practice make? Reflective practices are relating methods and techniques, t hese two concepts, how these two concepts can help people and groups reflect on their own experience and actions in order to engage in a process of continuous learning. Based on reflective practice will appear some question such as how reflective practice can improve development professional? Reflective practice can encourage and have people know what people want and intentions, refer to values, visions and support people to go in a specific region, and show where may be working with emotional and personal demanding environments. People will hold back thinking how can people make a difference in the universe? More development professionals can gain from innovative part and creative part base on approach to contemplative practice, other questions are why reflective practice influence people at work? Reflective practice should be a special powerful skill for people working on organizational learning outcome in evaluation, monitoring, reflective practice, is a very important dimensi on of monitoring and evaluation, organizational learning, and attention to power and relationship in aid. The value and method of reflective practice refer to three concepts, Critical incident, mind mapping and going to discuss the final concept is reflective journals mean learning journals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is a way to speculate in our work such as, project thinks, beliefs, values and views. It should be performed on a laptop or finish on composition, keeping a reflective practice also mean learning journals will encourage people to more focus on opinions and own thinking, experiment with ideas then ask more special questions, also produce voice and acquire more assurance, develop conceptual and analytical sciences, express feelings and thinkings and emotional responses, develop a conversation with others develop writing skills and writing style, explore different ways of authorship. When maintaining a learning diary, these crowns would be useful to attempt to record every day, try using language comfortable, try to write more diagrams, be relaxed and prosperous. Personal Development Planning Personal development planning is determined as a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to meditate upon their own scholarship, performance and achievement what project people do in personal life, education level and job growth. PDP also defined as people pose a plan or a goal that aims at creating self-awareness that will guide the masses to accomplish with that aspiration in their vocation, education or in other states. Personal development planning includes studying outcome and relate to scheduling such as, an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and company achievement, doing, recording such as own ideas and experiences, reflective practice and review and the experiences. The objective of personal development planning laid the foundation for an individual ideas and thinking performance to create a strategy on which to develop their own special needs in the future, depend on the personal development planning need to understanding the gap between the two conc epts are need and success, then will include personal professional desires but will be under people clear thinking and achievable aims, a suitable reason to meet these aims. Personal development planning is very useful for writing a record of practicing as achievement. Personal development plan, In fact, there can be immense benefits such as benefits of academic functioning, professional life and personal spirit. Can benefit for employers, if everything turns out as planned. When doing business can touch to formal personal development program, this can action plan associated with thinking, can improve the motivation. Post analysis of the personal evolution plan, it can signify a step of PDP, it will relate to personal life, and the PDP is something that about long-term period. In work place a procedure follows, first can create a clear mind map and dreams, then provide chances to build up the knowledge, skills to achieve those ambitions, also have opportunities to try out new are as to have a fuller apprehension of the capacity, and then get employees trust and share reflection, also need to think carefully to make sound picks. Personal development plan process may be relative with annual appraisal.Now, talk about benefits of personal development plan to academic performance, make a long-term personal plan and draw a mind map are good for career development, there has some advantages of taking a personal development plan such as, when make a personal development plan can gaining a clearer mind map and focus learning, second, people have clear mind map for career, can helping to keep them motivated, also can help people know how to improve their performance, Reflective thinking skills in performance, more awareness to let people know what is new problems and contexts, those are the benefits of a personal development plan for academic performance. Founded on personal development plan will linked with professional spirit, why require a personal evolution plan in people professional life? There have benefits such as, when people reach a plan for long-term career, can show clearer ideas about the life and work, also can develop the positive attitudes with professional spirit, get more confidence in the skills and make a selection. And the final one is benefits of personal development plan to personal life, have a more serious understanding about employment, having a better stead to fix a choice and also can develop a positive, look-forward attack. Continuing Professional Development CPD is an abbreviation for Continuing Professional Development. It means the cognitive operation of chasing and the knowledge, experience to work, beyond any initial practices, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s about work experience, course learns and then apply. Today, the Earth is running ever faster so ongoing continuing professional development is to support in current career, and continuing professional development is solely about the improving skills, knowledge and capabilities to effective in long-term life history. In facts, almost everything such as accomplishments, knowledge that improvise considered as carrying on professional development. It is a positive tool that benefits for people, the continuing professional development process has helped people manage their own development, also is to help people to record, review and think over what they are stating. The key features of the Continuing Professional Development process, be a documented procedure, are self-directed and focus point of catching out some work experience, reflective studying then critique, need to make development objectives and targets. The first step is a documented process, it implies maintaining a scholarship and record whatever ways suit best, it that relates to record, experience and review. And then is be self-directed, driven by the masses. Need to take a clearer mind map for it, focus on learning from experience, reflective and review, based on that, it can support in career, people hold to define growth goals and objective in future careers, continuing professional development is more or less how to sustainability professionals, include both formal and informal learning. It is also very useful to our current job, can provide mind maps of professional growth to date, helps people understand is that job suitable or not, if not, it can a possible career change, also can open up further development needs, reveal gaps in skills and ability, help directs persons career and show the goals and objects. And how continuing professional development benefits? Such as, can perform better understanding in current job development, provides a goal and objectives and achieve the peoples choice, improve self-confidence, develop professional ability and reputation. How continuing professional development benefits of organization? Such as, the company people work if commitment to continuing professional development it can benefit for the organization, something like higher workplace performance to the organization, and higher Skilling staff, unlocking the thinking and talent, improved employers motivation.And continuing professional development is about the sustainability for a career, and sustainability is an important point for CPD, because, when people understand what kind a job suitable for life, then will thinking how to sustainability for this job in a future career, people only got 40 years to work, if keep changing jobs, then will do nothing, and nothing can do w ell, therefore, sustainability is very important for career. Relationship between Critical reflection with PDPCPD Personal development plans critical reflection is a well-proven means by which all students, are kept thinking more or less their own objectives and forward motion, and then identifying the further improvement and growth fields. Relationship between critical reflection with a personal development plan and extending professional development, hear talk about critical reflection with PDP, personal evolution plan is about the masses make a plan for long-term, have a clear mind map in the future. And how relates to critical reflection? In facts, when people thinking personal development program, then it will pertain to critical reflection. First of all, when people build personal growth plan they need to recognize what the major or course they read before because that is important, based on in study time, what major people choose is related to their future career development, and is that have any workplace experience earlier. Nowadays, work experience is important, if people go inter view, the manager will ask is that people have work experience before? And I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t give birth, the company may not desire to hire. And that is why work experience important, based on work experience, people work few jobs before, and they will know what kind a job they like. If people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any work experience, people even donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know what job they like then will keep changing jobs, and if want make a personal development plan, need to understand what people want and what job people like, and that is about work experience. Another is what people really want in the future? The masses demand to see what they want when they establish a personal evolution program. Critical reflection can help people think clearly, have a clear mind map then development what their intentions and objectives, encourage them to reach those objectives. And that is critical reflection relate to personal evolution plan. Critical reflection relates to continuing professional development, extending professional development is focused on career sustainable, based along the career sustainable, people demand to think really carefully because is relate the last 40 years what people working. First of all, need to think what kind a job is suitable, and conceive what kind a job can have. And donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t feel boring and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want change job again. That is significant, if kept changing jobs and so will make people have nothing, just about life circle, nothing can do in the time to come and that is why critical reflection is important. Established along the critical reflection is about keeping thinking process, thinking what major people learn, and what kind a experience people have, and what kind a job is suitable. And that can furnish a mind map to create continuing professional development, after the thinking, know what kind a job people like and make a plan how to sustainable career. And wholly that are a ssociated with critical reflection, if without critical reflection, just now, people will donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know what they want to be, and what job they like. So will keep changing jobs, barely like a circle, at the close of the day, doing nothing in the final 40 years. And that is why critical reflection is important, relationship between personal development plans and extending professional development. Conclusion In this report, introduce the purpose of CIP and learning objectivesaims, and then intends to understand the meaning of Critical reflections and Reflective Practice, the value and method of meditative practice. So, this report is already explained two concepts of PDP and then defining the PDP, and discusses the role of the Personal Development Planning and Situation analysis of Personal Development Planning, and then explains another one concept, also explain CPD the aim and objectives of CPD, and situation analysis of CPD. And based on that, critical reflection is related with PDPCPD, without critical reflection people wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t accept a clear mind map for the future career development. And then the last division of the report is about discussing the relationship between Critical reflection and Personal Development PlanningContinuing Professional Development in the individual external and internal References Mezirow, J. (1998). On critical reflection.Adult Education Quarterly,48(3), 185-198. Ulrich, W. (2000). Reflective practice in the civil society: the contribution of critically systemic thinking.Reflective Practice,1(2), 247-268. Irwin, G., Hanton, S., Kerwin, D. (2004). 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