Greek Tragedy Written By Euripides And Sophocles - 1150 Words

Sean Lucander World Drama English 3000 Dr. Martyniuk Paper #1 Greek theater production dates back as early as the sixth and fifth century BCE (Gainor, Garner, and Puchner 4). Greek tragedies written by Euripides and Sophocles are some of the most famous (Gainor, Garner, and Puchner 4). The tragedies written by these playwrights are well known and the audiences are able to enjoy the story and message portrayed by the actors and chorus. Greek theater designates tragedy as the result of: the demise of characters, by means of poor decisions, devastation and demise. According to Gainor, this destruction is known as â€Å"Tragic Flaw.† The character misunderstands and misinterprets actions or poor judgment (Gainor, Garner, and Puchner 6). Particularly Sophocles’ Oedipus vividly illustrates the concept of tragic flaw by means of fate, hubris, and decadence on multiple proportions. Greek culture is firmly rooted in the idea of Classical philosophy (Nardo 23). The Greeks believe one’s fate is pre-determined and cannot be changed or altered, is it just something you must accept. Within this principle of free will, one must make prudent, ethical decisions, and hope that the God’s (Greeks believe in polytheism) are sympathetic toward one’s misfortune (Nardo 23). Sophocles’ carefully incorporates the idea of having a prophecy as a recurring theme. The play begins with Oedipus who is a strong, admirable king. One day Oedipus was traveling to the city of Thebes. Arriving in Thebes,Show MoreRelatedThe Era of Greek Tragedy Essay2487 Words   |  10 PagesThe Era of Greek Tragedy In Athens, during the final thirty years of sixth century B.C. playwrights began creating the earliest drama in all of Europe, Greek tragedy (Sifakis, â€Å"Greek Tragedy†). Though now the products of the movement are seen as pieces of literature to be read, they originated as theatrical pieces meant to be performed on the stage. 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Nevertheless, as with a majority of playwrights throughout history, most fodder for their plays have been adapta tions of previous plays written by their predecessorsRead MoreRole Of The Chorus : Viewer Or Participant?1567 Words   |  7 PagesViewer or Participant? Throughout the canon of Greek Tragedy, playwrights have told many stories with a wide range of characters. Tales of revenge, redemption, lust, greed, and pride, as told by gods, kings, heroes, and murderers among many others. Throughout all of these works, one aspect remains consistent: that of the chorus. This group, which interjects periodically throughout the play to sing in unison, is a feature common to all Greek tragedies. That being said, when one looks deeper into theRead MoreEvaluation of Euripides Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation of Euripides Euripides has met the conventions of Attic Tragedy up to a particular extent. Although he was often criticised for his work, he followed the structure and cycles of the traditional tragedy. However, his stance on the themes and ideas set him apart from the other writers. It is unreasonable to compare Euripides with the traditional writers of Attic tragedy without understandingRead MoreThe Origins of Greek Theatre Essay2307 Words   |  10 Pagesbut soon enough its fields of interest spread to various myths along with historic facts. As ancient drama was an institution of Democracy, the great tragic poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides as well as the comedian Aristophanes elevated public debate and political criticism to a level of aesthetic achievement. Euripides and the ethologist Menandros, in the thriving years of Alexandria and later on during the Roman domination, reached a beau ideal level and through the Romans managed to form WesternRead MoreGreek Influence on the Modern Day Theater2816 Words   |  12 PagesBy: Christine Boldt The Greek invented the idea, or concept, of theater in the 6th century B.C. The first known formal theater was built in Athens between 550 and 534 B.C., although the oldest theater in the world is in the palace at Knossos in the northern Crete. The Ancient Greek’s way of theater and its many accomplishments greatly influenced the modern day theater and entertainment. Staring with the evolution of theater and how it evolved from religious groups in ancient Greece. There were alsoRead More An analysis of how dikh (‘justice’) and its associated values are1905 Words   |  8 PagesAn analysis of how dikh (‘justice’) and its associated values are presented and translated in two passages from Sophocles: Electra. What broader issues are raised and how would these be investigated further? The concept of dikh, or ‘justice’ has many subtle meanings and variations in Ancient Greek ranging from the primary definition given in LS (Liddell and Scotts, ‘Greek-English Lexicon’, Intermediate, 1889, page 202) of custom to right, judgement, lawsuit, penalty and vengeance. TheRead MoreThe Evolution Of Greek Theater1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Greek Theater Greek theater can be considered to be one of the building blocks for our theater today. The advancements that the Greeks possessed in the early fifth century were the start of western theater. The Greeks were heavily involved with religion and religious festivals, comedies, tragedies, climatic drama, and took the outdoor amphitheater and made many improvements to its structure. In Ancient Greece religion and theater went hand in hand. The Greeks developed religion

Market Segmentation in Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question Discuss about the Market Segmentation in Australia. Answer: Market segmentation in Australia According to TrackMaven |Marketing Analytics Software (2018), market segmentation is amarketing strategy that entails dividing a market into smaller portions according to specific characteristics. This tactic helps marketers, in particular, to come up with customized campaigns for each group to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Marketing segments are created following the criteria below: Here, members of a particular segment are similar to each other and anyone can distinctively identify them from other groups. This could be group travelers or solo travelers. Strengths of a destination. Different destinations suit different tourist. This means that every type of destination will attract a particular type of tourists. For instance, destinations with children friendly facilities are likely to form a segment for family tourist destinations. A segment may not necessarily target a big population for it to be viable. Some segments aim at a smaller niche provided the market for particular destinations is large and lucrative. This is the ability to communicate effectively with the destination managers and target segments. For instance, newlyweds are likely to read weddings and marriage bulletins and magazines. Tourism bodies and agencies should then advertise for suitable destinations in such platforms. For every segment, there should be a channel to easily reach them. Bases of market segmentation They include the following: Psychographic segmentation. Here, tourists can be classified into segments according to their lifestyles, personalities, and attitude towards life. Psychographic segmentation mainly focuses on peoples purchase behavior towards certain products. As discussed in Your Article Library (2018),people purchase new products in the following categories: Innovators. This group of the population is always open to trying new products. They are venturesome and an easy target for new travel packages that suit them. Early adopters. These are influential people with whom the average buyer/ clients check whether a new product is legitimate. They include the media, licensing bodies and experts. For instance, celebrities are highly used to advertise new travel destinations. They are seen as opinion shapers who influence the perception of their followers. Early majority. This group likes checks legitimacy of products before buying. They are keen to read reviews of hyped new destinations. Late majority. They wait until a product has earned public trust. Laggards. They are traditional buyers. They hold on to old things and they rarely adopt new products. Behavioristic segmentation. People are classified according to their attitude, use, and knowledge of specific products. This is influenced by variables like user status (regular, non-users and occasional users). The second variable is the purchase occasion e.g. a destination may advertise itself as the perfect holiday or hiking destination. Lastly, people purchase depending on the benefits they expect to get. Eg. A destination that offers spa treatments and more complimentary in their packages is likely to win more customers (LLP, 2018). Demographic segmentation. This is classifying people according to age, gender, income, education, and occupation. It is important in identifying the right tourism destinations for each group. This study focuses on making Australia a destination for young tourists. This is done by providing fun-filled activities such as snorkeling, water rafting and surfing in the major destinations. Benefit segmentation. Tourists choose places, accommodation facilities or agencies based on the benefits offered. This is very important in knowing what different types of tourists prefer. Eg. Some tourists may prefer complimentary city tours when visiting new countries. This basis is important because it focuses on identifying the unique customer needs. It focuses on customer satisfaction and it's easy to use for tourism agencies or facilities penetrating the market. According to Tkaczynski, Rundle-Tiele, and Beaumont (2009, 169-175), benefit segmentation mostly focuses on the services offered by a marketer. How Australia has positioned itself for market segmentation As analyzed by Tourism.australia.com (2018),the youth (people between 19-29 years) contributes to 25% of the total visits in Australia and 42% of all visitor spending. This is as a result of the campaign dubbed theres nothing like Australia. It has been considered to be appealing to the youth and it portrays the country as a place where young people can juggle easily with work, studying, visiting friends and relatives as well touring the country. The youth has then become a very viable market segment for tourism in the country. This positioning has made the customers more specific and distinctive. With the current public perception among the youths, most youths are now attracted to study, work and tour Australia. This makes Australia a favorite destination for young people. With this in mind, it is now defined as the heartthrob of activities to fascinate the youth. The beauty of Australia, activities, and facilities are also getting tailored to suit the needs of the youth. The market segment (youth) is now distinct and defined and has a large population. Though the figures may change over time, this is evidence that market segmentation actually works References Destinationnsw.com.au, (2018)Market Segments | Destination NSW. [online] Available at: https://www.destinationnsw.com.au/tourism/facts-and-figures/market-segments [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018]. LLP, B., (2018)Meeting the needs of younger travelers - Targeting a market segment - Australia | Australia case studies and information | Business Case Studies. [online] Businesscasestudies.co.uk. Available at: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/australia/targeting-a-market-segment/meeting-the-needs-of-younger-travellers.html [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018]. Tkaczynski, A., Rundle-Tiele, S., Beaumont, N. (2009) Segmentation: A tourism stakeholder view. Tourism Management, 2nd edn. Pearson publishers. Tourism.australia.com, (2018)Youth - Corporate - Tourism Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.tourism.australia.com/en/markets-and-research/industry-sectors/youth.html [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018]. Track Maven | Marketing Analytics Software, (2018)Market Segmentation Definition Track Maven. [online] Available at: https://trackmaven.com/marketing-dictionary/market-segmentation/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018]. Your Article Library, (2018)Market Segmentation: 7 Bases for Market Segmentation | Marketing Management. [online] Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/marketing-management/market-segmentation-7-bases-for-market-segmentation-marketing-management/27959 [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018].

Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement Essay Example Essay Example

Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement Essay Example Paper Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement Essay Introduction â€Å"Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement† (Gomez, 2003:3). Discuss critically how employees were motivated to participate in learning organisation environment of Equipos. You should draw on theories of motivation and cross cultural management in your answer. MNCs is those organisations which are operational in different countries as franchise or itself business or in a form of international joint venture (IJV), though the concept and approaches of MNCs for the country were under studies since long but due to globalisation it pace of doing and managing a business is more rapid as ever before. Since organisations, now a day paying more focus on the soft side of HR as they realise employees, their skills and human related intangible stuff are no more alien for the organisation as in past HR was concerned as mob, for any organisational success, its human resource are playing the vital role and key difference among the competitors. Their intangible assets such as knowledge, skills etc. are essential to groom in an organisational context. Among several strategies, learning is key which produced drastic impact of organisational culture (Joy Kolb 2009; Yoshitaka 2005). Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement Essay Body Paragraphs Also, these learning strategies can only be successful upon strong employee’s involvement. Todays’ diverse nature of these MNCs compels managers to use and understand different cross cultural approaches which motivate culture-specific employees to render their best for organisation. The case of Equipos is one example of such organisation which subsidies the impact of national culture (which is Mexican) and successful implement the learning strategies to turn itself into a learning organisation. This can only be possible by not cultural stereotyping, rather managers at Equipos struggled for achieving all this, by understanding the management of cross culture in the work place which urge the employees to participate in the organisational context. This study focuses different cross cultural theories and motivational frameworks with which Equipos manage to turn into a learning organisation. The focus of this study is to analyse the statement that learning strategies rely he avily on employee involvement in the light of different cross cultural, motivation and learning theories. Though not a single theory can be fully implemented on Equipos, as it is the case of US MNC in Mexico which leads the cross cultural examination, but the main stress on the Hofstede, Trompenaars and GLOBE concept of managing cross culture including little emphasis on Schein’s model. This is because several of Hofstede five dimensions and Trompenaars seven dimensions are closely related with case, discuss in the analysis section. Learning theories which accounts are Social learning theory, Peter Senge model of LO and, that of 4I model of LO, especially the two dimension such as member solidarity and constructive engagement are more closely related as prove in the analysis section. Further, different motivational theories use in context to employees’ motivation at Equipos such as Handy motivational calculus’s need, desire and result used to explain those facto rs which urge employees’ involvement in organisational culture. This is supported by Porter and Lawler’s model which explains the two step performance based motivation process in the context of Equipos. The main themes, which literature pointed out for enhancing the process of learning with in the organisation, may include knowledge diffusion, knowledge capturing and accumulation: are catches the significant importance while HR strategies are being an exercise within organisation. (Blacker, 1995) pointed out the five different types of knowledge repositories which helps an organisation to be a learning organisation it includes embrained , embodied , encultured , embedded and encoded knowledge which encompasses somehow the blend of tacit and explicit knowledge altogether. Among these types, embrained and embodied knowledge individually situated explicit and tacit form respectively which enables the individual to participate in overall organisational learning, if knowled ge repository properly embrace with enough motivation. Constructive engagement and member solidarity are two main components of (Jacky, Stanley, ; Smith, 2006) social learning theory which engage the employees for active participation (Orlikowski, 2002) who recognise this as competence. Furthermore, open experience sharing is another key component of any organisational learning as well as constructive engagement where members exchanges their ideas, share their tacit knowledge (Wenger 1998). Whereas, the most significant part of this social theory of motivation is member solidarity which creates the sense of mutual trust and accountability enhance motivating individuals with in organisational context to share their embodied and embrained knowledge with each other as in the case of Mexican organisation which is US based MNC’s subsidiary. Research indicates that the international joint ventures may weaken the organisational learning if differences occur at senior management leve l (Danis 2003), but in this case study, American businesses and Mexican managers have done nice job and was well planned and committed to organisational learning from the start of business because rather than fully owing the organisation they started their business by Joint venture which integrated senior level managers from Mexico as well, furthermore, company retained those managers remain at same when company owned the organisation as a subsidiaries(Gomez 2004) . (Crossan et al. 1999) suggested the 4 I framework for learning organisation (LO) which includes intuition, interpreting, integrating, and institutionalising as key methods for LO at individual, group and organisation level. The application of 4I model is visible in the Mexican subsidiary of US MNC i.e. global learning for an organisation with in such cross cultural environment can only be possible while these factors ( 4 I ) are actually implemented and synchronise, for example, in 1992 ,the plant initiated the process o f employee empowerment which was the first step towards self-managed teams. This process required high level of involvement by each individual of organisation since it worked in team fashion in which team leader was rotated every three months. Without using individual correct intuitive and interpretation power , one cannot execute the role of team leader and after that integration is done by manager which called their selves as facilitators in the context of employee empowerment, this ultimately institutionalise and practice the self-managed teams at end. Furthermore, this enable organisation to practice the shared vision, personal mastery, systematic thinking, and managing the diversity in organisation (P. Senge 1994; PM Senge et al. 1994), which overall enhance the employee motivation. For example, in Equipos the process of ownerships to self-managed teams reflect its true application. 3.2 CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT IN EQUIPOS: On account of national culture, Mexican culture is hig h power distance culture (G Hofstede 1984) which means acceptance of inequalities, power is distributed un-equally, acceptance of hierarchies are embedded in organisation structure. According PDI ( power distance index) , Mexico’s score were 81 than that of US ( Whose was 40) which supports high power distance culture (G Hofstede 2009), furthermore, by investigating other Hofstede’s cultural dimensions such as Mexican culture is less individualistic than that of US ( IDV score is 30 as compare to 91 for US ), this reflects that to implement successful learning strategies in Equipos is more cumbersome because of their high power distance and highly collective culture which is oriented towards family and extended family members such as friends. Also, it is worth noting that Mexican culture is more uncertainty avoidance culture ( UAI score is 82 than that of 46 for US), which interpret as intolerant to deviant persons and ideas (Browaeys Price 2011; Orr 1990), this might rigid their behaviour towards learning leading to resistance towards organisational learning which occupied with individual behaviour (Nonaka Konno 1998). Due to these culture specific characteristics it is incongruent to align and engage Equipos directly with organisational learning practices, so to encourage employee involvement in more significant manner, the process of learning began with employee empowerment rather than the direct learning strategy i.e. self-managed work teams (Gomez 2004). Both , Mexican and US culture are of Masculine in nature( MAS score is 69 and 62 respectively) which means ambition motivates (Browaeys Price 2011) the employees to perform well and involve more enthusiastically. Similar to Hofstede’s cultural dimension, GLOBE ( Global leadership and organisational behaviour effectiveness) research also suggest same dimensions such as power distance and uncertainty avoidance while studying the cluster of Latin America (House et al. 2004). Another i nteresting dimension of GLOBE which might be relate in context of motivation with cross cultural practices is Performance orientation which in literature supported by McClelland (1961) work on motivation such as need for achievement (Wolf 2004), which if great then people have rigorous desire to success and vice versa. As from the Mexican cultural aspect it is quite clear that they enjoy showing their work and have it recognised by their peers which act as motivator to them for McClelland above dimension of motivation, keeping this fact, organisational culture of Equipos are designed for employee involvement by organising ‘ Continuous improvement fair’ and ‘Liberation ceremony’ (Gomez 2004) which provide them chance of showing their actual potential and work to their colleagues and bosses , further supported by bonus which is some extrinsic motivation. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Strategies rely heavily on employee involvement Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Principal Causes and Consequences of the Spanish

Principal Causes and Consequences of the Spanish Introduction By far and large, the Spanish-American war is viewed by most scholars as one of the major turning points in the history of both America and Spain in terms of their political, social, cultural and even economic structures (Schoultz, 2009).1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principal Causes and Consequences of the Spanish-American War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, the Spanish-American was a short-lived war that was fought between the US and Spain beginning in April 1898 and ending in August this same year. However, in the course of the war, other players like Cuba, Puerto Rico, Germany and the Philippines got involved based on their directly or indirect vested interests in the outcomes of the war. On one hand, there are scholars who are of the opinion that, in spite of the casualties of the war, the Spanish-American war was a necessary endeavor. To support this argument, such scholars point t o the positive results that came from the war- especially with regards to the territories that got colonized (Kaplan, 2003). On the other hand, some scholars criticize the war basing their arguments on the deaths, loss of properties worth millions of shillings, and signing of some treaties which favored the winners of the war while looking down upon the losers, among many other effects that will be duly detailed in the course of this paper. If we are to get the real picture of the Spanish-American war, then it is inherent for us to dig into the annals of history and get authoritative information on the specifics of the war. It is with that in mind that this paper seeks to give a succinct, yet inclusively representative, chronology of the events of the war- with major emphasis being laid on the causes and effects. Once these events are analyzed, a summative recapitulation will be given. Causes of the Spanish-American War Preliminarily, it is worth noting that, just like many wars in history, the Spanish-American war was a culmination of any factors all coming together at one time. In this section of the paper, some of the major factors that contributed to the war are going to be divided into three broad areas: The Spanish world domination and the American need to overthrow them: This will entail the political, economic, social and cultural factors that pushed the two sides towards the war. The influence of the mass media and â€Å"Yellow Journalism†: Here, emphasis will be laid on the journalistic practices and stories that contributed to the war. The Cuban Connection: This will specifically focus on the Cuban interest by both America and Spain and how the need to control it led to the war. The Spanish World Domination and the American Need to Overthrow Them According to Lennon (2002), Spain was considered as the most powerful nation on earth around the mid 1600s.2 During this time, it controlled several colonies across the world especially in Central and South America, the Caribbean and some sections of Asia.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, as time progressed, Spain lost some of its colonial territories majorly through civil wars and the struggle for independence. In spite of loosing these territories, Spain still managed to hold on to a few of its colonies like Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Islands and the Philippines in Asia. Shifting our focus temporarily to USA during this time, Musicant, (1998) says that, having been a former colony of Britain; the United States was initially opposed to the issue of colonization as they deemed it as being immoral and unfair to the countries being colonized. However, as the 20th century approached and the dominance of countries like Spain continued to spread like a wildfire; some leaders in USA who ascribed to the notions of mercantilism began promoting ideas in favor of imperialism. A key principle in Imperialism was ethnocentrism- which purported that some cultures and tribes were more superior to others thus necessitating the need for control of the weaker cultures (Lennon, 2002). It is on the basis of such ideologies that leaders like of Roosevelt and William Jennings Brian encouraged the people in USA to embrace the ideologies of colonialism. Many other people also came up to provide moral justifications for engaging into colonization including the need to spread Christian and protestant ideas, viability for trade encouraged by linking up with other nations and the better culture that would result from blending with other cultures (Immerman, 2010). Resultantly, the demand for the US acquiring her own territories grew exponentially and by the 1890s; America had acquired a fair share of colonial territories making it a vibrant and easily noticeable player in the game of world power dominance (Roosevelt, 1913/1967). It is during this time (the 1890s) that the idea of colonizing nearby assets such as Cuba and Puerto Rico came into central focus.3 After a few futile attempts of peaceful negotiations for the colonization of these countries failed, it was eminently clear that the only way to colonize the likes of Cuba and Puerto Rico was through war or some form of battle (Loveman, 2010).4Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principal Causes and Consequences of the Spanish-American War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The influence of Mass Media and â€Å"Yellow Journalism† In the 1890s, very few media organizations existed based on immense costs that were needed to run the outlets (Kaplan, 2003). In America, the domination of the media was by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. The competition between these two media bigwigs led to the birth of journalism whereby facts and ideas would be exaggerated or twisted to get public attent ion and increase the sale of newspapers (Lennon, 2002). This competition is what later came to be known as Yellow Journalism. Owing to the increasing rivalry between America and Spain in their world dominance and colonization efforts; Hearst and Pulitzer chose to capitalize on the opportunity by exaggerating facts and events- obviously favoring the USA, which was their mother country. For example, in the bid to make the Spanish look bad and unwilling to allow Cuba to gain their independence; Lennon (2002) reports that Hearst and his journalists produced fictitious and ridiculously salacious stories of how the Spaniards were oppressing the Cubans. Soon, public interest in USA regarding the alleged suffering and oppression in Cuba began to grow with several people calling upon President McKinley (USA president at that time) to â€Å"do something† so as to change the situation and help the Cubans (DeGuzmn, 2005).5 It is based on these reports that President McKinley sent America n troops into Cuba- something which angered the Spanish and, after a series of other unfortunate events in Cuba which will be explained later, soon led to the war (Schoultz, 2009). The Cuban Connection In many ways, the Cuban connection was the major highlight and cause of the war. As was earlier mentioned under the contribution of Yellow Journalism towards the war, the public outcries in USA regarding the Spanish oppression in Cuba pushed the President McKinley towards taking an action- even though, personally, he was not a big proponent of the war (DeGuzmn, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In January 1898, President McKinley eventually found a reason for justifying his response to the public outcry regarding Cuba when reports by various media indicated that there were escalated riots by Anti-American â€Å"Volunatrios and Pro-Spanish people in Havana detesting against the USA saying that it (the US) was poking its nose where it does not belong (Herring, 2008). It is also around this time that the Spanish Minister to US, Mr. Enrique Dupuy de Là ´me is reported to have said that President McKinley was â€Å"weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd† (Lennon, 2002). Not being able to stomach the criticisms anymore, President McKinley decided to send US warships to Cuba. A few weeks later, one of the US warships was sunk and, as earlier stated; the yellow journalists together with the US navy soon corroborated a story alleging that the US Maine disaster, which resulted in deaths of around 250 people, was an act of saboteur by the Spanish (Lennon, 2002). O n the other hand, the Cubans who were in dire need for independence had promised support to the USA, in case they decided to help them fight the common enemy- the Spanish. The culmination of these factors is reason why the war eventually erupted.6 The Consequences of the Spanish-American War Before delving into the effects of the war, it is worth taking note of the following facts about the war. To begin with, the war reportedly began on 3rd July 1898 with the battle of Santiago de Cuba, the fiercest of the naval battle between the Spanish and Americans. In this battle, the Spanish Caribbean fleet was destroyed courtesy of the American soldiers supported by the Cuban independence fighters thus resulting into the besieging of Santiago de Cuba, and, eventually the entire island (Lennon, 2002). Moreover, Theodore Roosevelt, together with his Rough Riders, were very monumental in the war based on their dedicated attacks and assaults on San Juan Heights and San Juan Hill- two important h ills close to the Santiago Harbor which was in great contention (Roosevelt, 1913/1967).7 Seeing that they were overpowered by the Americans, the Spanish tried to flee from the Santiago Harbor. However, the Americans captured them, sunk their ships and killed 323 people with only one American dying as a casualty (Lennon, 2002). This paved the way for retreat and surrender. In finality, the Spanish-American war ended after 109 days with the signing of the â€Å"Treaty of Paris† being the major highlight. It is from this point where the treaty was signed that we are going to consider the consequences of the war. Treaty of Paris and The Political Effects Primarily, this treaty was signed on the December of 1898 (109 days after the war had began) between the US and Spain- with the Cubans, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos being sidelined from negotiations of the treaty. So, even though the treaty mentioned Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Filipinos, it is clear that the treaty was mainly signe d to benefit and satiate the interests of the Spanish and Americans (who were the war winners) while sidelining the losers and people who had apparently contributed greatly towards the starting and ending of the war (Musicant, 1998).8 In the treaty, America’s possessions, in terms of colonial power, was increased as they were given control of Puerto Rico, and Guam while they sold the Philippines for $20 million (Lennon, 2002). Also, the treaty managed to free Cuba who, for long, had been fighting for their freedom. On the other hand, the US gave back the city of St. Augustine Florida to the Spanish. It is worth mentioning that, unlike the treaties signed previously, the Treaty of Paris did not give the acquired territories a promise of rights for citizenship or statehood. In other words, the treaty considered the acquired territories like Puerto Rico of being unable to self-govern their own based on their inferior ranks going by the imperialistic characteristic of ethnocentri sm (DeGuzmn, 2005). Additionally, America’s name was added to the list of existing colonial empires- something which they had previously fought against and branded as demeaning during the days when they were subjects of Britain (Lennon, 2002). Other treaties, or rather legal amendments also saw their way into the extensions of this treaty. For example, before the war, US congress (which chiefly constituted of Anti-imperialists) had passed the Teller Amendment committing to grant Cuba Independence. After the war and Cuba being awarded its freedom, the senate (mainly consisting of pro-imperialists) passed the Platt Amendment which forced a peace treaty on Cuba which forbade the Cubans them from getting into treaties with other nations. According to Herring (2008), the Platt Amendment was considered to be a stab-in-the back move to the Cubans who had trusted the US and helped them during the war, only for US to go against their words after the war. As a matter of fact, the Platt Amendment gave the US control of Cuba in terms of providing a permanent Navy base in Cuba and giving them freedom to stabilize Cuban Militarily as they wished. It is from such freedoms that later treaties were signed between US and Cuba thus paving way for the rise of imperialistic strongholds of US in Cuba like the famed Guantanamo Bay. The Philippine-American War The annexation of the Philippines, as a result of the Treaty of Paris, caused huge problems. In essence, the Filipino had allied with US during the Spanish-American war hoping that they, just like Cuba, would be able to gain their independence. Failing to accord them independence infuriated the Filipinos and made them feel betrayed. Consequently, on the 23rd day of January 1899, the Filipinos forcefully proclaimed independence and elected Emilio Aguinaldo as their president. Immediately, the US responded by sending its army to put down the fake Filipino government thus resulting in war and protests from the natives silen tly supported by Germans who had vested interests in Puerto Rico. In spite of not having a strong military influence, the Filipinos dragged the US into a hot battle that lasted longer than the Anglo-Spanish war claiming close to 4000 American lives and immense destruction of properties being witnessed. However, on 21st March 1901, America finally managed to capture Aguinaldo, forced him to oath loyalty, take a pension from the US and retire peacefully while ensuring that no more revolts were witnessed from the Filipinos. This, eventually, led to the calming down of the Filipinos and thus the halt of the Philippine-American War. Socio-Economic and Cultural Effects The Spanish-American war has both positive and negative socio-economic and cultural effects. Starting with the negative side, Loveman (2010) asserts that the war expectedly resulted in the loss of properties, deaths of useful individuals in the society, and the loss of freedoms and political power- all which had a direct ne gative economic impact. To this effect, Herring (2008) reports that the collapse of the Spanish empire- especially in losing Cuba- caused national trauma which, in effect, reduced their economic strength.9 Still on the negative side, the war resulted in blood between some Spaniards and Americans, Filipinos and the US, Cubans and Spaniards, Germans and Americans (based on the Filipino contention) thus destroying the moral fabric of the relatively good cultural and social environment that previously existed (Musicant, 1998). On the positive side, however, the war resulted in better economies by some nations, like the US who had new trade avenues in their colonized countries (Lennon, 2002). Cuba’s freedom also had a relative positive impact as the exit of the Spanish paved way for investments by their own people (Schoultz, 2009). In Spain, modicum economic gains were witnessed from the investments made by Spaniards who came back from US and Cuba pumping money and business ideas into their home economy. Socially and culturally, some good language patterns emerged. For example, the intermingling between the US and Puerto Rico led to a hybrid of people able to speak English and Spanish on top of their native languages. Similarly, Filipinos were also able to speak German, Spanish and English on top of their native language (Immerman, 2010). Also, there was an improved interrelation between the Northern and Southern people who, prior to the war were not able to speak to one another (Lennon, 2002). Other General Impacts of the War The birth of opinion-based and hyperbole journalism (Yellow Journalism) The shift in global power and recognition of the US as a superpower and the rise of a new generation of imperialist leaders in the USA like Theodore Roosevelt. Increased Involvement of Africans into the military based on their monumental impact during the war, for example, Booker T. Washington. Increased involvement of political groups like the rough riders in na tional politics Conclusion In conclusion, the increase of imperialist leaders getting into the US government led to more expansionist ideas being circulated around the country thus creating the thirst for power consolidation rather than just focusing on progress. Nonetheless, the lessons learnt from the war by all the involved parties served, and still serves, as a great reminder for the importance of dialogue, peaceful coexistence and good international relations amongst various nations and countries regardless of their different ethnicities. This, probably, is the reason why, up to date, the politics of international relations still plays an irreplaceably key role in the balance of social, political, cultural, technological and social aspects of our lives. List of References DeGuzmn, M., 2005. ‘Consolidating Anglo-American Identity around the Spanish-American War’, Ch.3 of Spain’s Long Shadow. The Black Legend, Off-Whiteness and Anglo-American Empire, Minneapol is: University of Minnesota Press. Herring, G. C., 2008. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign relations since 1776. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Immerman, R. H., 2010. Empire for liberty: a history of American imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Kaplan, R. L., 2003. American journalism goes to war, 1898–2001: a manifesto on media and empire. Media History, 9 (3). Lennon, K., 2002. Causes and Impacts of the Spanish-American war, https://luceo.net/spanish-american-war/ Loveman, B., 2010. â€Å"The New Navy’, Ch.6 of No Higher Law. American foreign policy and the western hemisphere since 1776, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Musicant, I., 1998. ‘State of the Union’, Ch.1 of Empire by Default. the Spanish-American war and the dawn of the American century, New York: Henry Holt. Roosevelt, T., 1913/1967. ‘An Autobiographical Defense’, Ch.11 of The writings of Theodore Roosevelt, New York: Bobbs-Merrill. Schoultz, L., 2009. That Infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Footnotes 1 Schoultz, L., 2009. That Infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. P.10-20. 2 Lennon, K., 2002. Causes and Impacts of the Spanish-American war. 3 DeGuzmn, M., 2005. ‘Consolidating Anglo-American Identity around the Spanish-American War’, Ch.3 of Spain’s Long Shadow. The Black Legend, Off-Whiteness and Anglo-American Empire, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 4 Loveman, B., 2010. â€Å"The New Navy’, Ch.6 of No Higher Law. American foreign policy and the western hemisphere since 1776, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 5 DeGuzmn, M., 2005. ‘Consolidating Anglo-American Identity around the Spanish-American War’, Ch.3 of Spain’s Long Shado w. The Black Legend, Off-Whiteness and Anglo-American Empire, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 6 Musicant, I., 1998. ‘State of the Union’, Ch.1 of Empire by Default. the Spanish-American war and the dawn of the American century, New York: Henry Holt. 7 Roosevelt, T., 1913/1967. ‘An Autobiographical Defense’, Ch.11 of The writings of Theodore Roosevelt, New York: Bobbs-Merrill. 8 Musicant, I., 1998. ‘State of the Union’, Ch.1 of Empire by Default. the Spanish-American war and the dawn of the American century, New York: Henry Holt. 9 Herring, G. C., 2008. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign relations since 1776. Oxford: Oxford University Press. P.15-25.

Biography of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria

Biography of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria Franz Ferdinand (December 18, 1863–June 28, 1914) was a member of the royal Habsburg dynasty, which ruled the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After his father died in 1896, Ferdinand became next in line for the throne. His assassination in 1914 at the hands of a Bosnian revolutionary led to the outbreak of World War I. Fast Facts: Franz Ferdinand Known For: Ferdinand was the heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne; his assassination led to the outbreak of World War I.Also Known As: Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph MariaBorn: December 18, 1863 in Graz, Austrian EmpireParents: Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria and  Princess Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two SiciliesDied: June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Austria-HungarySpouse: Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (m. 1900–1914)Children: Princess Sophie of Hohenberg; Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg; Prince Ernst of Hohenberg Early Life Franz Ferdinand was born Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Joseph on December 18, 1863, in Graz, Austria. He was the eldest son of Archduke Carl Ludwig and the nephew of Emperor Franz Josef. He was educated by private tutors throughout his youth. Military Career Ferdinand was destined to join the Austro-Hungarian army and quickly rose through the ranks. He was promoted five times until he was made a major general in 1896. He had served in both Prague and Hungary. It was no surprise when later, as heir to the throne, he was appointed to be the inspector general of the Austro-Hungarian army. It was while serving in this capacity that he would eventually be assassinated. As a leader of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ferdinand worked to preserve the power of the Habsburg dynasty. The empire was made up of multiple ethnic groups, and for some of them, Ferdinand supported greater freedom for self-determination. He argued for better treatment of Serbia in particular, fearing that suffering among the Slavs might lead to conflict in the region. At the same time, Ferdinand opposed outright nationalist movements that might threaten to undermine the empire. On political matters, it was reported that Ferdinand frequently disagreed with Emperor Franz Joseph; the two had bitter arguments when they discussed the future of the empire. Heir to the Throne In 1889, the son of Emperor Franz Josef, Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide. Franz Ferdinands father Karl Ludwig became next in line to the throne. Upon Karl Ludwigs death in 1896, Franz Ferdinand became the heir apparent to the throne. As a result, he took on new responsibilities and was trained to eventually become the emperor. Marriage and Family Ferdinand first met Countess Sophie Maria Josephine Albina Chotek von Chotkova und Wognin in 1894 and soon fell in love with her. However, she was not considered a suitable spouse since she was not a member of the House of Habsburg. It took a few years and the intervention of other heads of state before Emperor Franz Josef would agree to the marriage in 1899. Their marriage was only allowed on the condition that Sophie would agree to not allow any of her husbands titles, privileges, or inherited property to pass to either her or her children. This is known as a morganatic marriage. Together, the couple had three children: Princess Sophie of Hohenberg; Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg; and Prince Ernst of Hohenberg. In 1909, Sophie was given the title Duchess of Hohenberg, though her royal privileges were still limited. Trip to Sarajevo In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was invited to Sarajevo to inspect the troops by General Oskar Potiorek, the governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, one of the Austrian provinces. Part of the appeal of the trip was that his wife, Sophie, would be not only welcomed but also allowed to ride in the same car with him. This was otherwise not allowed due to the rules of their marriage. The couple arrived in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.​ Unbeknownst to Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, a Serbian revolutionary group called the Black Hand had planned to assassinate the archduke on his trip to Sarajevo. At 10:10 a.m. on June 28, 1914, on the way from the train station to City Hall, a grenade was launched at them by a member of the Black Hand. However, the driver saw something racing through the air and sped up, causing the grenade to hit the car behind them, seriously wounding two occupants. Assassination After meeting with Potiorek at City Hall, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie decided to visit those wounded from the grenade in the hospital. However, their driver made a wrong turn and drove right past a Black Hand conspirator named Gavrilo Princip. When the driver slowly backed up out of the street, Princip pulled a gun and fired several shots into the car, hitting Sophie in the stomach and Franz Ferdinand in the neck. They both died before they could be taken to the hospital. Ferdinand was buried alongside his wife in Artstetten Castle, a royal property in Austria. The car in which they were killed is on display at the Museum of Military History in Vienna, Austria, along with Ferdinands bloodied uniform. Legacy The Black Hand attacked Franz Ferdinand as a call for independence for Serbians who lived in Bosnia, part of former Yugoslavia. When Austro-Hungary retaliated against Serbia, Russia- which was then allied with Serbia- joined the war against Austria-Hungary. This started a series of conflicts that eventually led to World War I. Germany declared war on Russia, and France was then drawn in against Germany and Austro-Hungary. When Germany attacked France through Belgium, Britain was brought into the war as well. Japan entered the war on Germanys side. Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies. Sources Brook-Shepherd, Gordon.  Archduke of Sarajevo: the Romance and Tragedy of Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Little, Brown, 1984.Clark, Christopher M.  The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Harper Perennial, 2014.King, Greg, and Sue Woolmans.  The Assassination of the Archduke: Sarajevo 1914 and the Romance That Changed the World. St. Martins Griffin, 2014.

Why People Consider Malala Yusafzai To Be A Heroine Essay

Why People Consider Malala Yusafzai To Be A Heroine - Essay Example Malala's courage and her strong opinion towards girls' education have won her awards, medals, and fame. So far, Malala is the youngest person to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Malala was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize by The KidsRights Foundation and she was awarded National Peace Award by the Pakistani government. Magazines and Medias also followed closely Malala’s campaigns, and her profile was published in Vanity Fair Magazine. The Times Magazine also published her profile stating she was one among the most influential people at the time. Her inclusion in the media, being recognized by the government as well as magazines publishing about her passion for the girl's education contributed to Malala's heroisms. And as Merriam states, success comes because of hard work, skillful and creative political analysis. Being noted by the media gave Malala the enthusiasm to follow her instincts, which led to increased vocals on the subject of girls’ education. Encouragement from her father motivated her, especially after her recovery. Malala confronted anyone who could do something to ensure this dream comes true. For example, the US convoy at the valley was not left out. Even though her campaigns increased the threat to herself and family, Malala never gave up, she even went further to take her campaigns around the world. Malala has been to Nigeria where she personally met President Goodluck Jonathan and requested him to press for action to free the 200 girls held by Boko Haram, Islamist militants.

Morality based on consequences (like utilitarianism) or morality based Essay

Morality based on consequences (like utilitarianism) or morality based on duties - Essay Example On the other hand, the Morality based on consequences (like utilitarianism ethics), provides that the consequence of an action that an individual has taken outweighs whatever intentions such an individual had when taking the action (Vaughn, 2012). Therefore, the Morality based on consequences, for example utilitarianism ethical theory, provides that an action is defined as either morally right or wrong, depending on whether the action produces favorable or unfavorable outcomes (Vaughn, 2012). In this respect, the utilitarianism theory of ethics provide that the outcome of an action should not be undermined, and thus individuals should first measure the possible consequences of an action before taking it. This way, the individuals will only take the action that has favorable outcomes for them and for everyone (Vaughn, 2012). Therefore, given an opportunity to choose between the morality based on consequences (like utilitarianism) and morality based on duties, separated from consequences (like Kants ethics), morality based on consequences (like utilitarianism) will be preferred. The choice of the utilitarianism ethical theory over the Kantian ethics is informed by the fact that; the utilitarianism ethical theory recognizes that any action may have either good or bad consequences; or both good and bad consequences at the same time (Vaughn, 2012). In recognition of this fact, the utilitarianism ethical theory provides that individuals should first weigh the possible consequences of their actions, such that they can determine the favorable and the unfavorable consequences. Further, the utilitarianism ethical theory provides that on the event that an action produces both good and bad consequences; the individual should weigh which one of the two weighs out heavily, and then act upon the action that will have an overall weighty favorable